Proton Mr spectroscopy in central nervous system Disorders 1

Gülin Öz, PhD Jeffry R. Alger, MPhil, PhD Peter B. Barker, MPhil Robert Bartha, PhD Alberto Bizzi, MD Chris Boesch, MD, PhD Patrick J. Bolan, PhD Kevin M. Brindle, DPhil, Cristina Cudalbu, PhD Alp Dinçer, MD Ulrike Dydak, PhD Uzay E. Emir, PhD Jens Frahm, PhD Ramón Gilberto González, MD, PhD Stephan Gruber, PhD Rolf Gruetter, PhD Rakesh K. Gupta, MD Arend Heerschap, PhD Anke Henning, PhD Hoby P. Hetherington, PhD Franklyn A. Howe, DPhil Petra S. Hüppi, MD Ralph E. Hurd, PhD For the MRS Consensus Group2 A large body of published work shows that proton (hydrogen 1 [1H]) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy has evolved from a research tool into a clinical neuroimaging modality. Herein, the authors present a summary of brain disorders in which MR spectroscopy has an impact on patient management, together with a critical consideration of common data acquisition and processing procedures. The article documents the impact of 1H MR spectroscopy in the clinical evaluation of disorders of the central nervous system. The clinical usefulness of 1H MR spectroscopy has been established for brain neoplasms, neonatal and pediatric disorders (hypoxia-ischemia, inherited metabolic diseases, and traumatic brain injury), demyelinating disorders, and infectious brain lesions. The growing list of disorders for which 1H MR spectroscopy may contribute to patient management extends to neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and stroke. To facilitate expanded clinical acceptance and standardization of MR spectroscopy methodology, guidelines are provided for data acquisition and analysis, quality assessment, and interpretation. Finally, the authors offer recommendations to expedite the use of robust MR spectroscopy methodology in the clinical setting, including incorporation of technical advances on clinical units.